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Which statement best defines validity in the context of assessments?

  1. The consistency of test results over time among participants.

  2. If a test disadvantages certain groups of participants.

  3. How well a test measures what it claims to measure.

  4. The numerical score that determines if a student is proficient.

The correct answer is: How well a test measures what it claims to measure.

Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. Option A is a reference to reliability, which is another important aspect of assessments, but it is not the same as validity. Option B refers to issues of fairness and equity, which are important considerations but not directly related to validity. Option D refers to a specific numerical score, which is not necessarily a measure of validity. Therefore, option C is the best choice as it directly addresses the concept of validity in assessments.